🔹 Introduction The Revolt of 1857 is considered the first major challenge to British colonial rule in India. It began as a sepoy mutiny but transformed into a widespread uprising, uniting various sections of Indian society under a common cause — freedom. 🔹 Causes of the Revolt 1. Political British annexations under the Doctrine of…
1. Background 18th century: Indian society had orthodox practices like sati, child marriage, female infanticide, untouchability, caste rigidity, superstitions. 19th century: British rule brought Western education, liberal ideas, missionaries, and modern science. Reformers tried to revive ancient Indian values + remove social evils. Movements had two trends: Reformist movements → worked for modernization, rationalism, social…
1. Background Land revenue was the main source of income for the British in India. Almost 50%–60% of revenue came from land tax. Different systems were introduced in different regions depending on local conditions, experiments, and political needs. 2. Major Land Revenue Systems (A) Permanent Settlement (1793) Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa. Features: Revenue fixed…